The subject matter of research is contradictions and moral-legal antinomies arising in the philosophy of science, in relation to a set of technologies called “Anti-Plagiarism”. The formal-logical and formal-axiological aspects of the notions “property”, “common property”, “private property”, “theft”, “plundering” and others are considered. The paper argues for the urgent necessity to allow authors unlimited reuse of any fragments of their previously published texts in their new publications actually containing novel scientific results. The condition is that such duplication is indispensable for understanding and rechecking the novel discovers. The scientific novelty: theoretic arguments are exemplified by a hitherto never published new scientific result made within a discrete mathematical model of natural law of private and common ownership.

J. Campbell`s disjunctivist theory of perception is based on an outdated model of attention, which maintains that the focus of attention is analogous to the beam of a spotlight. Meanwhile, some studies challenge this view and suggests that attentional selection can be object-based. The narrow target of this article consists in clarifying what is at stake between attention-first and consciousness-first strategies. The latter assumes that one could explain what attention is by specifying how some proper subset of the conscious field comes to be foregrounded. Campbell who adopts it faces a serious challenge in explicating the phenomenon of unconscious attention.

By inclusion and exclusion here we mean the phenomena of inclusion of a certain category of persons into a certain community as “insiders” and, accordingly, exclusion as transformation of “insiders” into “outsiders” and even into “enemies”. The institutional nature of these processes means that they are not one-time and situational phenomena, but deep shifts with long-term consequences, entailing changes in the rules of interaction and attitudes of their participants. In the course of their development, different societies have experienced inclusion and exclusion according to the criteria of gender, age, religion, ethnicity, class social origin, level and nature of education, professional affiliation, etc. The article formulates causal conditions and factors contributing to inclusion and exclusion on the basis of general theoretical principles and historical generalizations.

The article reconstructs a brief period of intensive debates on the legitimacy and justification of torture in the early 1970s to the mid-1980s. It is shown that the emergence of the discourse on the morality of torture was influenced by the following factors. Firstly, the formulation of the “dirty hands” dilemma, which in the analytical tradition became a crucial tool for analyzing the relationship between ends and means. Secondly, the establishment of a theoretical and applied field of philosophical research known as the just war theory. Although it should be acknowledged that the transfer of heuristics from the just war theory as a means of argumentation in favor of torture proved to be a philosophical deadlock, it allowed for the exploration of possibilities and limitations of new theoretical developments in the field of moral philosophy, which is always a necessary stage for the reiteration of debates.

Philosophy of complexity is considered by the authors as a set of subject-specific philosophical projects aimed at transforming the modern scientific worldview. The paper analyses ways of understanding complexity developed in such projects. The authors also present critical provisions existing in domestic and foreign research literature that call into question the validity and meaningfulness of projects of the «philosophy of complexity». It is shown that despite the fact that many of the critical statements are completely justified, this does not negate the possibility of considering complexity as an object of philosophical reflection, but raises the question of its justified forms and possibilities. Based on the review, the authors make the assumption that the eclecticism and speculative character of the “philosophy of complexity” projects constitute their intrinsic features. Overcoming them will determine the prospects for the development of the idea of complexity from a philosophical perspective.

The article introduces the idea of alimentary problems into philosophical consideration. Highlighting this range of problems seems to be a solution not only to the lack of philosophical developments on the topic of food and nutrition, but also to overcoming prejudices and stereotypes that philosophy studies of food are not sufficiently theoretical. Alimentary problems in philosophy are proposed to be understood as formed by a wide range of ontological, anthropological, cultural, ethical and social philosophy issues, namely food consumption in all its aspects, its production, including cooking and storage, and ways of representing these topics in discourse. As an important guideline for the development of such research, the article offers a detailed explication of four thematic fields of alimentary issues relating to the history of philosophy, ontology, analysis of the language of theories, anthropology, ethics, social philosophy and futurology. In our opinion, if we carry out such a generalization (“alimentary problems”), then in the end we will get a clearer idea of the new class of objects under study and will be able to identify its operational or even essential features. Which, in turn, will become a new stimulus for the development of research in this area.

The article is devoted to the study of the development patterns of the local government system in the Russian Federation. The submission to the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the draft Federal Law «On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the unified system of public authority» in December 2021 means the preparation of a new stage of municipal reform and makes it relevant to study long-term changes in the institutional organization of local self-government. The purpose of the study is to analyze changes in the structure of local self-government bodies and the rules of their formation at each stage of the development of this institution, as well as to identify the main patterns of this process. The analysis of the legislative base regulating the structure and rules of formation of local self-government bodies has been carried out. The data related to the development of the local government system provided by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation were analyzed. It is shown that the structure of local self-government bodies has not undergone significant changes. However, there have been changes in the ways of forming local self-government bodies, which reflect the trend towards their loss of institutional independence and integration into a single system of public power. This trend appeared at the stage of implementation of the Federal Law on Local Self-Government in 2003 and was consolidated in the new Draft law on Local self-government submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2021. It is concluded that there is a tendency to increase the dependence on federal and regional legislators of local self-government bodies. For the institute of heads of municipalities, the loss of institutional independence was clearly manifested by the introduction of the procedure for electing heads by competition, displacing both election at municipal elections and election from the Council of Deputies. The formation of representative bodies, having passed the stage of delegating deputies to higher levels, returns to the model of direct elections. However, this happens in the context of the rejection of a two-tier system of local self-government.

This book analyzes the principle of circularity within logical and philosophical works of leading representatives of the continental tradition: Hegel, Marx, Husserl, and Heidegger. The review pays attention to circularity in everyday life elucidating Marx’s–Mamardashivili’s “converted form” as well as Hegel’s logical movement from less true to really true based on the speculative presupposition. It is also exposed how the constant self-disclosure of Being as aletheia is Dasein’s circular structure of a dynamic teleological transcending towards being-in-the-world and being-with-others. Expressing the theme of intentionality is Husserl’s intersubjectivity as a way of relating better to the world, always moved by a telos.

In this article, the authors critically analyze the content of the physical interpretation of information developed by the Polish researcher R. Krzanowski. They demonstrate the connection of Krzanowski’s views with the views of R. Landauer and T. Stonier on the place of information in the context of physical reality and the mode of its existence. The research is aimed at identifying the theoretical difficulties that arise when accepting the principles of Krzanowski’s understanding of information. These difficulties relate to the connection of the concept of information with the concepts of structure and meaning, as well as understanding the epistemic role of information in general. The authors also consider the list of topical issues of the philosophy of information, given by Krzanowski in his article “What is Physical Information?” published in 2020: a number of proposed questions are speculative-metaphysical, which makes it possible to criticize his position for trying to «confirm» and «substantiate» metaphysical assumptions through the use of theoretical tools and data from specific scientific disciplines.

The article aims at providing grounds for the analysis of the confrontation of scientific views in the context of E. Agassi’s famous thesis: “science is always socially engaged, but it should not be socially dependent”. This socio-epistemological analysis focuses on the clash between Lysenko’s interpretation of the Lamarckian methodology of H. Spencer’s views and representatives of the Russian school of classical Mendelian genetics. A distinctive feature of Akademgorodok in the 1970s-1980s was that almost every academic institute had a person responsible for organizing a specialized scientific-methodological seminar on philosophical and methodological problems of a particular field of knowledge. Recollections of the participants of these seminars and reconstruction of the issues discussed at that time are rich empirical material, providing an opportunity to test modern conceptions in the field of social anthropology, social epistemology, and sociology of science. The revival of genetics in our country began with the founding of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences/SB RAS. It is shown that this confrontation between Lamarckism and Mendelism in 1930s-1960s develops from the denial of the theses of the ideological opponents to the emergence of accompanying interdisciplinary research. At the same time, a special role is given to the specification of the methodological function of philosophy and to those forms of its realization that scientists personally participating in scientific-methodological seminars, were more inclined to associate with “substantive” rather than “sociological” aspects of the description of the situation.