The paper aims to look for a satisfactory ontological interpretation of the relationship between a pattern and its “elements” in D. Dennett’s ontology of patterns from the “serious essentialism” perspective by E. J. Lowe. The pattern should be interpreted as “consisting” of “lower-order patterns” which are the “modes” in E. J. Lowe’s ontology, while the pattern and its “elements” are linked by the relation of “metaphysical interdependence” by N. Thompson, representing one of the attitudes of grounding as a metaphysical explanation of a special kind. As a heuristic, a general metaphysical scheme is considered, in which elements of H. Reichenbach’s logic of the relationship between 'abstracta' and 'concreta', which reveal themselves in D. Dennett’s ontology, such as: “reduction of the abstract to the observed”, “existence by convention” and “existence of the abstract and the observable in the ordinary world”, find an adequate interpretation within the framework of E. J. Lowe’s ontology.

The paperexamines the attitude to uncertainty and risk withinthe Russian model of management by A.P. Prokhorov. It is shown that the attitudeis determined by the dual nature of this model. The Russian managementsystem in itsmobilization phase easily copes with the uncertainty and allows risky decisions. In the stable phase, the Russian model rejects risk, and security, understood as maintaining the achieved state, becomes a priority. A risky situation is a type of uncertain one when the occurrence of possible events is probable and can be estimated. In this situation, it is possible to assess the likelihood of events resulting from the influence of the natural environment, the actions of partners, opponents, etc., which cannot be done in a situationof uncertainty, and this is thekey factor that distinguishes between risk and uncertainty. Wedefine risk as an integral indicator that combines assessments of both the probabilities of implementing a solution and the quantitative characteristics of its consequences. Thus, risk management presupposes, first of all, a conscious and rational choice. Since changing the national model of management takes a lot of time, wesuggest to try to change the attitude to risk in modern Russian organizations.

The paper deals with the phenomenon of normative pluralism - that of several normative orders coexisting in various spheres of our life - law, morality, politics, etc. It shows the root causes of normative pluralism and the causes of its development and proliferation - both internal (overcoming legal and moral syncretism) and external (globalization and the related growth in the number of regulatory subjects). The authors offer a way of understanding and reconciling norms by building out of potentially conflicting norms a non-contradictory system without any normative collisions.

The article is devoted to understanding the prospects of possible application of advanced technological developments in order to improve the biological nature of man. It analyses the ideas of Ray Kurzweil, who is a supporter of such transformations of human nature. It is shown that Kurzweil’s conclusions are of a worldview nature: in the near future, through the cyborgization of people, it will be possible to achieve a state close to immortality and, thus, solve the world-view issues of self-knowledge and create the conditions for unlimited self-development. It is concluded that such optimistic forecasts are insufficiently justified due to the limited possibility of modern technologies to “improve” a person’s life and help with the most difficult technical and ethical problems.

The paper presents the author’s view on the social development of rural areas. The author examines different points of view, according to which rural development is identical with economic development; the one that relates it tohuman capital; the one that treats it in terms of “growth”; and the view point one that explains it by changes of mentality and the one that makes it dependent on institutional changes. The author concludes that the development of rural areas should be based on the principles of safe social and natural development; preservation of human resources; increase of social activity of the rural population; orientation to traditional values.

The article is devoted to the study of a career as a life strategy for rural youth. In an everchanging society, youth’s views on career and behavior patterns are changing. In rural conditions, youth career strategies may differ from the career strategies of city residents. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the need arose to find a job as a graduate on their own, which led to a new direction in research - the study of the initial stage of a youth career and issues related to their construction. A study conducted in institutions of higher professional education in the city of Novosibirsk showed thestudents’attitudes toward the beginning of a career, minimum wages, the need or absence of the need for part-time work during studies, the importance of career growth, the value of a diploma.

The article reconstructs an antique understanding of the genesis of value being and the meaning of the concept of the “Good”. The author proposes his own versions of interpretation of the Good based on the dialogue “The Republic”. The result is the demonstration of similarity and difference of understanding of the Good in the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics. The paper also shows the relationship of the founding value being of the Good with practical goal-setting andtruth. It issuggested that the general tendency in the philosophy of antiquity was the hypostasis of the Good and its deindividualization.

It is established that in the philosophy of cyrenaics in the period of early Hellenism there were two tendencies: the alienation of the individual from society and the preservation of the connection between the Polis and the individual. The first tendency was most pronounced in the philosophy of Hegesias and Theodorus. The second tendency was manifested in the philosophy of Anniceris. It is shown that the prevailing tendency was the alienation of the individual from society and this was associated with the crisis of the values of the polis. At the same time, the tendency to preserve the connection between the Polis and the individual reflected the influence of the values of the Polis, which were preserved in a weakened form in the period of early Hellenism.

The present article deals with G. W. F. Hegel's review of J. G. Hamann's works, using «Socratic memorabilia», Hamann's debut piece, as a case in point. It is demostrated that along with penetrating analysis and delineation of the main trends of Hamann's thought Hegel views his teaching through the lens of his own philosophical system. This factor significantly affects his interpretation of select theses of Hamann. Reconstruction of Hamannian thought in Hegel’s review presupposes his treatment first and foremost as that of a chain in dialectical development of the German spirit.

The article deals with some aspects of the philosophical outlook of I. G. Fichte. It was possible to identify key aspects of the philosophical views of the thinker. By analyzing his philosophical positions, the conviction is growing that he was a major and original thinker, who in a new way comprehended important philosophical problems and had a significant impact on subsequent generations of philosophers. As a result, the article allows us to understand the place and significance of the German philosopher in the history of philosophy, his contribution to the development of critical philosophy after Kant.

The study reveals the place and role of humanism in the philosophy of K. Marx and J.-P. Sartre. The existential aspects of their teachings that allow one to consider these philosophers as equal are analyzed. A comparison of humanistic motifs in Marx and Sartre's works has been made, and the conclusion is drawn that their description of the "world of alienation" is the same. However, they consider the pre-existing and post-existing reality differently, which is due to different positions on the relationship between essence and existence.

A response is given to the paper by A. M. Izmailova (Izmailova A. M. O kritike teoremy K. Gedelya o nepolnote A. V. Bessonovym [On A. V. Bessonov’s criticism of K. Gödel’s incompleteness theorem]. Studencheskii nauchnyi zhurnal “Grani nauki” [Student Scientific Journal "Facets of Science"], 2018, no. 1, p. 7-9. (in Russ.)) allegedly indicating a «serious error» in my analysis of K. Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem. It is shown that her criticism is based on gross logical errors, as well as on a misunderstanding of both the second incompleteness theorem and my results. Such a widespread misinterpretation is based on the inadmissible confusion of the proof of the consistency of formal arithmetic with the proof in it of a formula expressing its consistency. It is argued that Gödel's second theorem is not directly related to the proof of the consistency of formal arithmetic. It is proved that this theorem cannot be used in argumentation against feasibility of D. Hilbert’s finitistic program.