The article offers the thesis that moral theories and practice should satisfy the minimal logical requirement of consistency. Since logic is often considered the main criterion of rationality, the theoretical foundations of various interpretations of ethics can be considered rational in this respect.

The paper analyzes the role of R. Carnap in the paradigm shift from the concept of language as a universal medium to the concept of language as a calculus within the framework of the semantic tradition in philosophy. It is shown that in the application of his method of extension and intension Carnap was close to creating the semantics of possible worlds, but failed to make generalizations in the treatment of modal concepts. In this sense, Carnap remained a supporter of the monolinguistic view.

The article shows that the concept of rationality in decision-making processes underwent a transformation. The methodological conclusion that can be drawn from the study of real decision-making practices in the conditions of risk is that it is necessary to take into account the irrationality of the person, both in the analysis of these processes and in the construction of their models. In the conditions of risk, a person wants to have a rational basis for making prudent decisions, and he needs general methodological recommendations for action. The decision-making procedure has the same bases that can be built in accordance with the general methodological algorithm that enhances its effectiveness. In this context, the article provides justification for the necessity of normative decision-making models that serve as guidelines and a methodological basis for the person facing a difficult choice problem. In addition, these models can be used in education.

The paper considers the connection between normative statements and rational grounds (reasons) for action. It analyzes the nature of practical syllogism and its role in conceptions of practical rationality. The paper also brings to light the difficulties related to differentiating between normative and explanatory reasons and offers ways of bridging the gap between individual rationality and normativity

The article shows linguistic and philosophical aspects of the formation of the language personality. Linguistic studies consider the definition, main characteristics and levels of the language personality. Philosophical studies demonstrate the relationship between the development of the language paradigm and the peculiarities of the language personality.

The article deals with the essence, genesis of the modern (the modern age, modernity) and the qualification of the present time on the basis of the earlier developed approach to the periodization of the World History, which includes the basic concepts: «stages of social evolution», «great transformations - evolutionary shifts» and «eras of domination». The modern age cannot be separated from modernization, which is interpreted as a complex of autonomous processes of bureaucratization, secularization, capitalist industrialization and democratization (R. Collins). In addition, the modern age is usually associated with quite specific characteristics of state, society and culture: the rise of national states, civic equality, education, the dominance of scientific discourse, the flowering of ideologies, «great narratives». When comparing these characteristics with the major historical phenomena of Europe in the last five centuries, the following stages are distinguished: the prehistory of modernity as a transition from the era of mature statehood to the epoch of penetrating statehood in the initial form of «absolutism» (from early 16th to mid-17th century), the early modernity and Modernization-1 (from mid-17th to early 19th century), the classical modern and Modernization-2 (from early XIX to late XX century). The arguments are presented that the epoch of modernity has not been completed, and at the present time (from the beginning of the 21st century) the extremely controversial actual processes should be treated as a new transition period, i.e. Modernization-3.

The article analyzes the change in the social subject of modernity as the main agent of modern society, considers the factors of its transformation under the domination of the neoliberal model. It is demonstrated that the subject effects of alienation, identified in the writings of Marx and developed in the work of M. Foucault, are now most fully conceptualized in the studies of P. Dardot, C. Laval, A. Negri. The mechanism of total alienation, realized as a result of the complete subordination of all aspects of the individual's vital activity to the requirements of the economic order, is reflected in the trend of its statistical codification and full-scale digitization of performance indicators. The ultimate goal of such a strategy is to make alienation predominantly internal and internalized, which means complete subordination of the individual to the norms of a market society in its neoliberal version. Expansion of this kind is set by the following strategies: the free market doctrine; commercialization of the social sphere; the principle of competition as the dominant principle of social interaction, up to the complete delegitimation of the subjects that did not sustain it, with their reduction to the status of homo sacer in the terminology of D. Agamben. In the end, we outline the prospects for a transition to a globalized digital community and the further expansion of the neoliberal model into all spheres of modern society.

The paper offers an analysis of philosophical and sociological approaches in the emerging studies of socio-cultural determinants of development and transformation of society. It is shown that these approaches are currently still limited to the correlation of the concepts of «social» and «cultural» and are descriptive. On the basis of the specific sociological research carried out by the authors, it is proved that the more perspective, in theoretical and applied terms, is the conception of Pitirim Sorokin about the sociocultural as a triad «social-cultural-personal». In accordance with this conception, the classification of socio-cultural determinants, including social institutions and the type of civilizations is proposed.

The article describes the key points of the discussion on the «epochal break» in science, its transition to the «post-academic» stage associated with commercialization and the rise of the pragmatic approach to planning, funding and evaluation of research results, which leads to a new image of modern science. The patterns are illustrated by the example of processes taking place in modern Russian (post-Soviet) science.

The article raises the methodological question of studies of ethnicity in the legal space. It is shown that the juridical sciences consider ethno-culture only in the context of the realization of the principle of equality, non-discrimination. Two conceptual approaches are revealed in the multicultural discourse that interpret differently the need for legal support for ethnic interests (Ch. Kukatas, S. Benhabib, W. Kymlicka, Ch. Taylor). It is concluded that the theoretical problem of determining the possibilities of law in the sphere of ethnicity remains open.

The city as a specific form of territorial organization of society very rarely becomes the object of philosophical analysis. Meanwhile, the importance of cities is growing in practice, and this should be reflected in theory. The study of the processes of urbanization and the topic of the city as a whole is important from the point of view of the philosophy of history - in terms of identifying the relationship between the processes of urbanization and social development, from the point of view of philosophy of culture and analysis of its modernization. It is also important from the point of view of the philosophy of the policy - in assessing the pros and cons of deepening of urbanization for the well-being of the nation.

The paper justifies consideration of migration processes as a socio-cultural determinant, which shapes the formation, dynamics and transformation of interethnic communities. The general conceptual provisions are supported by conclusions obtained by generalization of the historical experience of the development of ethno-social processes and interethnic communities in Siberia. It is shown that their qualitative characteristics are due to the main migration waves, beginning with the annexation of Siberia to Russia in the 16th century. Since this period, the Russian population that moved here had a decisive influence on the development of indigenous peoples. The modern socio-economic and ethno-cultural appearance of Siberia is largely a product of migration processes. Geopolitical, internal political, economic factors of migration processes and the basic tendencies of change under their influence of interethnic communities of Siberia are singled out.

Rural local communities can be defined as an integral socio-economic system, a social group living in a certain territory, having close socio-demographic, economic, socio-cultural ties and socio-political institutions. The allocation of rural local communities into a separate independent system is due to the need for a more complete analysis of the subject of research at the intersection of sciences. The subject area of research of rural local communities has a very broad framework, including the entire system of socio-demographic, economic, socio-cultural, political indicators as a structure determined by its own type of behavior. A distinctive feature of the development of rural local communities is the preservation of peasant ethos as a carrier of historical traditions, socio-cultural characteristics and social microclimate, forming their own identity, which is determined by a certain kind of active behavior in the context of its vector of development.

The correlation of centralization and decentralization processes at each stage of modern Russian self-government development is analyzed. It is shown that centralization is the main determinant of self-government development. It is concluded that the centralization of local self-government is a reaction to the constant crisis situation and is effective only in the short term.

The determinants of the development of the interethnic community are considered from the standpoint of the sociocultural approach and are exemplified with the community of the Altai Republic. The set of determinants includes social, cultural and personal components, and the content of each of them is indicated by a number of variables. It is concluded that the socio-cultural development of the Republic of Altai is hampered by economic factors rather than interethnic problems. Therefore, the scenario of successful development of the region should be based on increasing the well-being of the population, a significant role in which should be given to the development of traditional fields of employment important for the ethnic groups of the region.

The paper analyzes the narrative in the field of medicine, which is not yet articulated in Russian research. However, it is extremely topical in the theoretical and practical sense, affects the moral and existential sphere of the relations between the patient and medical personnel and is oriented toward the development of narrative medicine and ethics. The article also considers the ethical side of the narrative about the disease associated with the actualization of the patient's existential experience, which causes the patient's personality to change and leads to his healing. This means internal transformation, the formation of an «improved» moral personality, the development of the desire to form new forms of the patient's social life, and, on this basis, to his strengthening in a new life.

The concepts of the history of philosophy, the historiography of philosophy or of the history of philosophy, as well as the philosophy of the history of philosophy, are often interchangeable. In the analytic tradition the historiography of the history of philosophy has its own meaning. It originated on the basis of analytic philosophy, and was a reflection on its significance and contribution to philosophy, hereby it revised its ahistorical attitudes towards philosophy and its history in favor of appropriationism. According to the latter, historiography constructs doctrines and puts the importance of a philosopher in direct dependence on his public representation, while remaining itself too philosophical and ahistorical. At first sight, contextualism and the continental dialectical approach help to overcome these difficulties, but these approaches are also subject to appropriationalist historiography. Thus it is concluded that appropriationalist historiography is one of the modes of the history of philosophy.

The paper is devoted to the problem of the appropriateness of using the notion «public opinion» in connection with the Greek society and possibility of the ancient theater to affect on the public opinion. After examination of the notion «public opinion», the author concludes that the structuring elements of public opinion are a common source of information and a common field of communication. In that sense public opinion do not correspond with the Greek notion «opinion of the many». At the same time, the ancient polis had enough public spaces for communication and did not need special media to create a common information field due to the limited territory, and therefore there were all conditions in the ancient polis for the formation of public opinion. The crucial role in this formation was played by the theater, which was a powerful means of influence, along with poetry and music, forcing audience to think about important social and political issues.

It is established that in Hellenistic philosophy found expression of two trends: the alienation of the individual from society and political activity. The impact of the formation of the Hellenistic monarchies in the development of Greek philosophy manifested in the increase in the first trends and the weakening of the second. The most significant influence on Greek philosophy has had such a feature of the Hellenistic autocracies as the unlimited power of the monarch.

The article contains a network of ideas of the doctrine of angelic life in the «Oration on the Dignity of Man» by Giovanni Pico. Conceptually generalized are the terminologically different places of «Oration» concerning this topic of the teaching. The role of the contemplative ability, which is the essential content of the life of the cherubic angels, is clarified. Contemplation is a spiritual cognitive ability, through which it is possible to know both nature and god. In addition, through it the opportunity to live in love for god (the life of the seraphim) and life in the active realization of the highest justice (life of the thrones) is opened through it. Thus, through it the possibility of a three-part angelic life is revealed. The latter is the best for the human to realize his inner life potencies.

In article the research E. Schrödinger a question of consciousness and perception is considered. Despite the fact that E. Schrödinger in his philosophical investigations did not use the term «qualia», part of his work is devoted to the specifics of quality-perception. Sharing the mechanical process of perception, which is beyond description in a physical discourse, and how experienced the result of this process, it is close to the wording of «the difficult question of consciousness» - «why processes do not go in the dark?».

The paper reveals the place and the role of the concepts of freedom and alienation in the work of the French philosopher J.-P. Sartre. Particular attention is paid to their relationship. Also, account is taken of the fact that in his early works, Sartre did not use the notion of alienation, but he used the concept of freedom. There were only hints of the concept of alienation, whereas the notion of freedom was not only used but also transformed from work to work. The evolution of these concepts and the complicated nature of their interpretation by Sartre are traced. It is shown that the J.-P. Sartre’s concepts of freedom and alienation mutually deny and, at the same time, complement each other.