The authors discuss the problem of the integration approach to artificial intelligence, analyzing the content and positive aspects of the integration agent approach. It is noted that this approach implicitly follows the task approach. The paper gives answers to the questions that make up the essence of the task approach - where do the tasks come from, what is the task, what should be considered a solution to the problem. It also discusses the classification of intellectual problems into direct, inverse, and hybrid. It is noted that modern artificial intelligence focuses mainly on solving direct and inverse problems, leaving a huge and important class of hybrid problems outside its scope of attention. The paper describes the theoretical model approach to solving the whole variety of intellectual problems, called semantic modeling. It analyzes the advantages of the proposed conception, including the possibility of a flexible combination when solving hybrid problems of tools already created in artificial intelligence. It also discusses the problem of creating a “strong” / “general” artificial intelligence (AGI) in the framework of the task approach.

The concept of analyticity plays an important role in establishing truths. Both in the traditional logic of terms and modern logic of predicates, similar approaches are used to reconstruct the idea of reliable substantiation. Kant used the categories of synthetic a priori, Frege relied on the features of terms (individual constants and functions) to formulate the conditions for the application of definitions. As a result, primary statements as the begining for substantiation presuppose the existence and uniqueness of a defined subject (definite descriptions), similar to the localization of objects in space and time by Kant’s synthetic apriori judgments.

The article reflects the author’s methodological position that the phenomena of uncertainty and risk are considered within the context of decision-making problems. It is shown that the ability to quantify the probability of the occurrence of possible events makes it possible to fundamentally distinguish between risk situations and situations of uncertainty. Risk is the result of a decision and is always associated with a person who not only makes a choice, but also estimates the probabilities of possible outcomes and related losses. Risk is an integral indicator that combines estimates of both the probability of a decision and of the quantitative characteristics of its consequences. Every person has her own system of preferences, therefore there is no universal functional integrating estimates of probabilities and consequences. As a result, a person chooses the alternative that most closely matches her goals, assessments and value system. The typology of uncertainties in decision-making tasks, previously developed by the author, is supplemented.

The paper discusses problems related to possible gaps between the requirements of rationality and normativity. It shows that the analysis of a practical action from the point of view of instrumental rationality cannot be done without supplementing the context with the requirements of epistemic rationality. Only taking into account the demands of both types of rationality gives us hope to expect that the resulting rational grounds will have normative force. It is also shown that even this normative validity doesn’t always lead to the performance of the rational action. The author analyses the promising distinction of rational grounds offered by J. Gert and notes the strong and weak points of this approach.

The paper aims to look for an adequate ontological explanation of the «second pattern» existence within Ladyman’s ITSR, the existence of which is a necessary condition that the analyzed pattern is a real pattern indeed. From Ladyman’s point of view, the ontological truthmaker for the epistemic fact is thus that it is a real pattern. As the core interpretation of truthmaking within Ladyman’s concept, we will take the interpretation of truthmaking as essential dependence proposed by E.J. Lowe: an object is a truthmaker for the proposition when part of the essence of the proposition is that the proposition is true if the object exists. Taking into account a number of limitations of Lowe’s concept (essence precedes existence, essence is not an object, etc.), the existence of a “second pattern” within Ladyman’s conception should be understood via defining its essence, regardless of whether its very existence is ever confirmed.

The paper discusses the possibility of using the deflationary conception of truth in explaining the nature of the concept of mathematical truth in the framework of the instrumentalist conception of mathematics. It is shown that the use of the concept of truth in mathematical theory is similar to the use of “ideal” mathematics in D. Hilbert’s program. It is also shown that this analogy interprets the function of the concept of truth as a means of simplifying the process of obtaining evidence (or as speed-up function).

The source of some problems of the quantum mechanics is the observer’s influence on the system. In particular, such problems include the reduction wave function, which forces physicists to talk about “hidden parameters” and the incompleteness of quantum mechanics. Measurements of a quantum system violate its internal state and make it impossible to obtain information about its other parameters (Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle). In 1980 there appeared the thesis that since modeling the behavior of a quantum system on a classical computer cannot provide sufficient accuracy for reproducing all its parameters, there is a need for a quantum computer. The question arises: to what degree can a quantum computer help to solve traditional epistemological problems of quantum mechanics? Can modelling the behavior of elementary particles on a quantum computer “bypass” the problem of the observer’s influence on the system? In other words, is it possible to obtain information about the behavior of a quantum system without observation? Will the internal state of the simulated system be preserved?

The article considers the features of studying the crisis in various social sciences. The trajectory of development of this concept is shown, the features of the formulation of the conceptions of the crisis as a social, economic and political phenomenon are analyzed. It is shown that the infinite complication of crisis situations is a characteristic feature of modernity. This actualizes the need for the compilation of knowledge accumulated by various sciences and at the same time - for its possible rethinking.

The article uses the conception of a “risk society”, and shows that with many different existing risks, there are many protection frameworks from them. The author draws attention to the fact, that person and society are not only risk producing entities, but also actors creating various forms of protection against risks. A typology of protection frameworks from risks is presented, which is built on three bases and includes seven main types of risk protection: 1) existential, 2) individually-contractual, 3) intentional, 4) emergent, 5) corporate, 6) collective-contractual, 7) socio-cultural. It is noted, that different protection frameworks had different significance for a person and society at different stages of history. From a philosophical perspective, the author poses the question: does the “risk society” turn into a society of threats or not?

Social regulation is considered as a soft way of influencing social actors, which presupposes an increase in the role of regional authorities. It has been recorded that using the potential of ethnic culture can be an effective strategy for regulating the economic development of a region. Using the example of the Tuvinian ethnoculture, the paper identifies its specific substantial components that have the potential to increase regional economic indicators. The negative consequences of using the Tuvinian ethnoculture, which are manifested in the value-ethical transofrmations of ethnic identity, are also recorded. It is concluded that in the region it is necessary to increase the prestige of applied ethnocultural education, intra-regional differentiation of the production of ethnic goods, support for a high quality standards of those components of ethnic culture that have already gained popularity in Russia and across the world.

The paper presents an analysis of strategic planning documents in the field of ethnic politics of post-Soviet Russia. A case study of a legislative initiative known as the “law on the Russian nation” is considered. It is concluded that the reception of nationalism in the practice of ethnosocial management is the result of borrowing Westernized models of ethnic diversity management.

The article describes the youth subcultural movement of diggers; examines the typology of diggers, offered by the participants of this activity; analyzes the socio-philosophical aspect of the existence of the subculture of diggers in Russia. It shows the social orientation of this movement, its philosophical and worldview implications, the image of the underground world and the purpose of “diggers” which exists in their own representations.

In the sociocultural space of Russia, there are three main and independent Buddhist centers: Kalmyk, Buryat and Tuvan. An analysis of geopolitical landmarks, ideological position, and large religious organizations representing this faith in the region shows that three different models of Buddhism as a social institution have developed: globally oriented (Kalmykia), ethnocentric (Buryatia), and regionally oriented (Tuva).

The paper offers a detailed interpretation of the proem of Parmenides’ great Poem. The subjects discussed include the relationship Parmenides could possibly have with the Orphic movement (particularly the Derveni cosmology), the identity of the hero of the poem and the goddess that reveals him the truth, the topographic peculiarities of his heavenly travel, some technical questions, etc. In general, my intention is to demonstrate that the rich cultural and literary context of the proem decisively contributes to a clearer understanding of philosophical ideas, for the first time expressed by Parmenides.

The article offers a meaningful analysis of the terms normative and descriptive epistemology, interpretations of their content in contemporary analytic philosophy (W.V.O. Quine, R. Rorty) in the context of their application to describe the ancient sophistic epistemology. The author substantiates the application of descriptive epistemology to the realities of ancient philosophy, namely, to the sophistry of Gorgias in the framework of the appropriationist history of philosophy. As examples we consider the Sophistic inquiry, which, depending on the speaker’s ultimate goals, could be presented as nomadic or as logos-navigation, as well as the problem of the correct understanding of physical and mental phenomena and the ways of correctly pointing them out in Rorty and Gorgias. These examples show that the application of descriptive epistemology to ancient philosophy can change the interpretation paradigm of sophistry and significantly adjust the view of ancient epistemology.

The role of Descartes’s use of doubt in the reality of the existence of everything as propaedeutic is revealed. Namely, this is done to actually recognize the certainty for the mind of man of the existence of only himself. And this determined the dualistic essence of the entire philosophical position of Descartes. It is a manifestation of his desire to combine conceptually incompatible: orientation both to science and religion.

In article the analysis of creativity of Heinrich Heine which was presented in introductory article by the famous Hungarian philosopher George (Dyoerd) Lukács (1885-1971) to collected works in 1938 of Heinrich Heine (1797-1837) is considered. Having taken philosophical and poetic creativity of Heine, in the offered research not only the concept of Lukács, but also the thinker of the past, the critic who had, undoubtedly, an impact on Heine’s creativity - the philosopher, the translator Friedrich Schleiermacher is studied. The assessment and brief description of Hegel’s influences on Heine’s world view, which took place in 1821-1823 in Berlin, as well as Marx in 1843-1844 in Paris, is given. Questions are touched upon and raised about future studies such as the Neo-Kantianism motifs of Lukács. Lukács’s post-hegelism and young-hegelism, raising the question of the subject matter of philosophy at Heine, and the role of Schleiermacher’s review of Heine’s creativity.

In September 2019, the All-Russian Scientific Conference VIII Siberian Philosophical Seminar “The Siberian Dimension of Russian Philosophy: Schools, Directions, Traditions”, organized by Novosibirsk State University and Gorno-Altaysk State University, was held in Novosibirsk and Gorno-Altaysk. The conference discussed key issues of philosophy and related sciences, such as history, political science, sociology, economics and jurisprudence, related to the modern interpretation of the foundations of philosophical culture, which played a key role in the formation of modern Western civilization. The conference showed that Siberian scientists have the potential to turn Siberian philosophy into one of the most important centers of the domestic and world philosophical network.

Selective skepticism in relation to fundamental scientific theories and criticism of the inference to the best explanation as an eliminative approach to substantiate hypotheses, enable K. Stanford to interpret and combine in his own way the classical arguments against the scientific realism - the arguments of the pessimistic meta-induction and that of the underdetermination of theory by data. Despite the fact that his justification of the instrumentalist interpretation of scientific knowledge is just another version of the argument «from error», K. Stanford’s book should be recommended to anyone who wants to understand how diverse and deep the problems of scientific realism could be. Reflection on the book: Stanford K. Exceeding Our Grasp: Science, History, and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives. Oxford University Press, 2006.