<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sibphil</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Сибирский философский журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Siberian Journal of Philosophy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2541-7517</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Новосибирский государственный университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25205/2541-7517-2025-23-1-64-104</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sibphil-727</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНАЯ ЖИЗНЬ, ПОЛЕМИКА, РЕЦЕНЗИИ, ПЕРЕВОДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENTIFIC LIFE, POLEMIC AND DISCUSSIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Схема построения объясняющей гипотезы в теории знания Уильяма Уэвелла</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>An explanatory hypothesis constructing scheme in William Whewell’s theory of knowledge.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1703-3414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омолоева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Omoloeva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омолоева Алина Сергеевна – аспирант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omoloeva Alina - PhD-student</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.omoloeva@g.nsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Новосибирский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>64</fpage><lpage>104</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Омолоева А.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Омолоева А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Omoloeva A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sibphil.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/727">https://sibphil.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/727</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы – показать, что обращение к оригинальным текстам Уильяма Уэвелла – автора гипотетико-дедуктивной модели обоснования научного знания – может заставить еще раз вернуться к разговору о содержательности вывода, приводящего к знанию. Позитивисты закрепили то, что Ларри Лаудан называет «консеквентализм» – представление о том, что единственно значимой формой эвиденциального подкрепления теории является эмпирическое подтверждение ее следствий. И это в целом отвечало декларируемой логике проекта – сосредоточиться на логических аспектах анализа знания и сместить фокус с объяснения явлений на подтверждение гипотез. В этом смысле обращение к истории науки, анализ онтологии знания У. Уэвелла, можно рассматривать как отказ от абсолютности позитивистского видения и основание для восстановления дискуссии о «метафизических» предпосылках вывода, но уже, естественно, с учетом результатов, полученных философией науки за последние полтора века. Основная идея – не только акцентировать внимание на том, (а) какие элементы уэвелловской схемы подтверждения гипотезы были отброшены позитивистами в ходе формирования канонической теперь уже трактовки гипотетико-дедуктивной модели, но и подчеркнуть (б) самостоятельность авторской концепции У. Уэвелла построения научных теорий, частью которой является оригинальная «метафизическая» трактовка вывода к объяснению. Теория знания У. Уэвелла соединяет три типа вывода – индукцию, дедукцию и абдукцию – и как образец проекта описания и теоретического обобщения представления о научной теории, которое отвечает великой эпохе научных открытий конца XIX века, ставит перед ученым задачу ответить на вопросы как происходит явление и почему оно происходит. В частности, абдукция в концепции У. Уэвелла не подразумевала выбора наилучшей гипотезы, – его критерии истинности объясняющей гипотезы направлены на дополнительную проверку и корректировку гипотезы, уже принятой на первом, гипотетико-дедуктивном, этапе. Это отражает представление о динамике научного процесса – предусматривает возможность не только проверить выведенные обобщения, но и внести коррективы в теорию на основании новых данных</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper aims to show that turning to the original works of William Whewell, the author of the hypothetico-deductive model of substantiation of scientific knowledge, can force us to return once again to the conversation about the content of the inference leading to knowledge. Positivists have consolidated what Larry Laudan calls «consequentialism» – the idea that the only significant form of evidential support for a theory is the empirical confirmation of its consequences. And this generally corresponds to the declared logic of the project – to focus on the logical aspects of the analysis of knowledge and to shift the focus from explaining phenomena to confirming hypotheses. In this sense, turning to the history of science, the analysis of W. Whewell’s ontology of knowledge, can be considered as a rejection of the absoluteness of the positivist’s vision and the basis for restoring the discussion of the «metaphysical» premises of the inference, but, obviously, taking into account the results obtained by the philosophy of science over the past one and a half century. The main idea is not only to focus attention on (a) which elements of Whewell’s scheme of hypothesis confirmation were rejected by positivists in the course of forming the now canonical interpretation of the hypothetico-deductive model, but also to emphasize (b) the independence of W. Whewell’s original concept of constructing scientific theories, part of which is literally the «meta-physical» interpretation of inference to explanation. W. Whewell’s theory of knowledge combines three types of inferences – induction, deduction and abduction – and as an example of a project for describing and theoretically generalizing the idea of a scientific theory that corresponds to the great era of scientific discoveries of the late 19th century, sets the task of answering questions of how a phenomenon occurs and why it occurs. In particular, abduction in W. Whewell’s theory did not imply the choice between the best hypothesis, – his criteria for the truth of the explanatory hypothesis are aimed at additional verification and correction of the hypothesis already accepted at the first, hypothetico-deductive, stage. This reflects   the idea of the dynamics of the scientific process – it provides the opportunity not only to test the generalizations that have been made, but also to make adjustments to the theory based on new evidence.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>индукция</kwd><kwd>дедукция</kwd><kwd>гипотетико-дедуктивная модель</kwd><kwd>абдукция</kwd><kwd>подтверждение</kwd><kwd>объяснение</kwd><kwd>наука XIX века</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>induction</kwd><kwd>deduction</kwd><kwd>hypothetico-deductive model</kwd><kwd>abduction</kwd><kwd>confirmation</kwd><kwd>explanation</kwd><kwd>19th century science</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головко Н.В. Д. Деннет и научный реализм: эмпирическая эквивалентность и эвиденциальное подкрепление теоретических утверждений // Сибирский философский журнал. 2019. Т. 17. № 2. С. 77–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andersen H. Abduction // A. Ledgeway, I. Roberts (Eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Historical Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. P. 301–321.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Касавин И.Т. Наука – гуманистический проект. М.: Весь Мир, 2020. Карпович В.Н. Термины в структуре теорий. Логический анализ. Новосибирск: Наука, 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown J. R. Smoke and Mirrors: How science reflects reality. London: Routledge, 1994. Butts R. Consilience of Inductions and the Problem of Conceptual Change in Science // R. Butts (Ed.). Historical Pragmatics. Dordrecht: Springer, 1993(a). P. 269–291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кривовичев В.Г. Минералогический словарь. СПб.: Изд-во СПбГУ, 2008. Омолоева А.С., Симбирцева А.Е. У. Хьюэлл: индукция и дедукция в Novum Organon Renovatum // Сибирский философский журнал. 2022. Т. 20. № 4. С. 113–126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butts R. Necessary truth in Whewell›s theory of science // R. Butts (Ed.). Historical Pragmatics. Dordrecht: Springer, 1993(b). P. 189–235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Светлов В.А. Методологическая концепция научного знания Чарлза Пирса: единство абдукции, дедукции и индукции // Логико-философские штудии. 2008. № 5. C. 165–188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butts R. Whewell’s Logic of Induction // R. Butts (Ed.). Historical Pragmatics Dordrecht: Springer, 1993(c). P. 235–267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хьюэлл У. Конт и позитивизм / Пер. с англ. А.Л. Никифорова // Эпистемология и философия науки. 2017. Т. 54. № 4. C. 209–224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davey K. On Inferring Explanations and Inference to the Best Explanation // Episteme. 2024. Vol. 21. P. 1120–1137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хьюэлл У. Novum Organon Renovatum: Предисловие, Книга I. Афоризмы, касающиеся идей / Пер. с англ. А.Л. Никифорова // Эпистемология и философия науки. 2018. Т. 55. № 2. C. 186–211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ducasse C. Whewell’s Philosophy of Scientific Discovery // The Philosophical Review. 1951. Vol. 60 (2). P. 213–234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andersen H. Abduction // A. Ledgeway, I. Roberts (Eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Historical Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. P. 301–321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ducheyne S. Whewell’s Tidal Researches: Scientific Practice And Philosophical Methodology // Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 2010. Vol. 41 (1). P. 26–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown J. R. Smoke and Mirrors: How science reflects reality. London: Routledge, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisch M. Necessary and Contingent Truth in William Whewell’s Antithetical Theory of Knowledge // Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 1985. Vol. 16 (4). P. 275–314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butts R. Consilience of Inductions and the Problem of Conceptual Change in Science // R. Butts (Ed.). Historical Pragmatics. Dordrecht: Springer, 1993(a). P. 269–291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fumerton R. Induction and Reasoning to the Best Explanation // Philosophy of Science. 1980. Vol. 47. P. 589–600.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butts R. Necessary truth in Whewell’s theory of science // R. Butts (Ed.). Historical Pragmatics. Dordrecht: Springer, 1993(b). P. 189–235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovko N.V. D. Dennett and Scientific realism: Empirical Equivalence and Evidential support of Theoretical Statements // Siberian Journal of Philosophy. 2019. Vol. 17. No. 2. P. 77–98. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butts R. Whewell’s Logic of Induction // R. Butts (Ed.). Historical Pragmatics Dordrecht: Springer, 1993(c). P. 235–267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasavin I.T. Science – Humanitarian Project. Moscow: VesMir, 2020. (in Russian) Karpovich V.N. Terms Within Theory Structure. Logical Analysis. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1978. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davey K. On Inferring Explanations and Inference to the Best Explanation // Episteme. 2024. Vol. 21. P. 1120–1137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krivovichev V.G. Mineralogical Dictionary. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Univer  sity, 2008. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ducasse C. Whewell’s Philosophy of Scientific Discovery // The Philosophical Review. 1951. Vol. 60 (2). P. 213–234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laudan L. William Whewell on the Consilience of Inductions // The Monist. 1971. Vol. 55 (3). P. 368–391.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ducheyne S. Whewell’s Tidal Researches: Scientific Practice And Philosophical Methodology // Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 2010. Vol. 41 (1). P. 26–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laudan L., Leplin J. Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination // Journal of Philosophy. 1991. Vol. 88. P. 449–472.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisch M. Necessary and Contingent Truth in William Whewell’s Antithetical Theory of Knowledge // Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 1985. Vol. 16 (4). P. 275–314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mcauliffe W. How Did Abduction Get Confused with Inference to the Best Explanation? // Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. 2015. Vol. 51. No. 3. P. 300–319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fumerton R. Induction and Reasoning to the Best Explanation // Philosophy of Science. 1980. Vol. 47. P. 589–600.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niiniluoto I. Critical Scientific Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999(a).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laudan L. William Whewell on the Consilience of Inductions // The Monist. 1971. Vol. 55 (3). P. 368–391.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niiniluoto I. Defending Abduction // Philosophy of Science. 1999(b). Vol. 66. P. S436– S451.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laudan L., Leplin J. Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination // Journal of Philosophy. 1991. Vol. 88. P. 449–472.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Omoloeva A.S., Simbirtseva А.Е. William Whewell: Induction and Deduction in Novum Organon Renovatum // Siberian Journal of Philosophy. 2022. Vol. 20. No. 4. P. 113–126. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mcauliffe W. How Did Abduction Get Confused with Inference to the Best Explanation? // Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. 2015. Vol. 51. No. 3. P. 300– 319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruse M. The Scientific Methodology of William Whewell // Centaurus. 1976. Vol. 20 (3). P. 227–257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niiniluoto I. Critical Scientific Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999(a).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snyder L. J. It’s all necessarily so: William Whewell on scientific truth // Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 1994. Vol. 25 (5). P. 785–807.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niiniluoto I. Defending Abduction // Philosophy of Science. 1999(b). Vol. 66. P. S436– S451.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svetlov V.A. Charles Peirce’s Methodological Concept of Scientific Knowledge: The Uni  ty of Abduction, Deduction and Induction // Logiko-Filosofskiye Shtudii. 2008. No. 5. P. 165–188. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruse M. The Scientific Methodology of William Whewell // Centaurus. 1976. Vol. 20 (3). P. 227–257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whewell W. History of the Inductive Sciences: From the Earliest to the Present Times, in three volumes. L.: J.W. Parker, 1837.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Snyder L. J. It’s all necessarily so: William Whewell on scientific truth // Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 1994. Vol. 25 (5). P. 785–807.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whewell W. Novum Organon Renovatum. L.: J. W. Parker and son, 1858(a).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whewell W. History of the Inductive Sciences: From the Earliest to the Present Times, in three volumes. London: J.W. Parker, 1837.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whewell W. On the Philosophy of Discovery: Chapters Historical and Critical. L.: John W. Parker and son, 1860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whewell W. Novum Organon Renovatum. London: J. W. Parker and son, 1858(a).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whewell W. The History of Scientific Ideas, in two volumes. L.: John W. Parker and son, 1858(b).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whewell W. On the Philosophy of Discovery: Chapters Historical and Critical. London: John W. Parker and son, 1860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whewell W. The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon Their History, in two volumes. L.: John W. Parker, 1840.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whewell W. The History of Scientific Ideas, in two volumes. London: John W. Parker and son, 1858(b).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whewell W. Comte and Positivism / Transl. A. Nikiforov // Epistemology and Philosophy of Science. 2017. Vol. 54. No. 4. P. 209–224. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whewell W. The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon Their History, in two volumes. London: John W. Parker, 1840.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whewell W. Novum Organon Renovatum: Introduction, Book I. Aphorisms / Transl. A. Nikiforov // Epistemology and Philosophy of Science. 2018. Vol. 55. No. 2. P. 186–211. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
